Unveiling the Past: Advanced Physics Tools in Cultural Heritage and Archaeology
Dr. Khachatur Manukyan
Department of Physics and Astronomy
University of Notre Dame
Integrating advanced physics-based methods, including high-resolution electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, particle-induced X-ray emission, vibrational spectroscopy, and isotope ratio analysis, has transformed the study of cultural heritage and archaeological objects. These non-invasive, high-precision techniques provide critical insights into the composition, structure, and provenance of materials, enabling detailed analyses of surface treatments, manufacturing processes, and material degradation. Such approaches reveal details of craftsmanship, technological innovation, and historical trade networks, as evidenced by studies on coins, paper money, medieval manuscripts, paintings, and architectural materials. Additionally, the analysis of archaeological bones and other biomaterials offer unique insights into ancient diets, health conditions, and human mobility. By linking material analysis to broader socio-economic and cultural contexts, this interdisciplinary approach enhances our understanding of historical technological advancements, cultural exchanges, and economic systems while informing conservation strategies. This presentation showcases cutting-edge analytical techniques developed at the University of Notre Dame, focusing on metal-based artifacts and paper currency. Through these case studies, we demonstrate how scientific investigation uncovers the heritage and historical significance of culturally valuable objects.